DENTAL CALCULUS: FORMATION MECHANISMS, CLASSIFICATIONS, ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS, AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Abstract

Dental calculus, often known as tartar, is a hardened deposit that develops on teeth and dental prostheses through the mineralization of dental plaque. Its formation is influenced by factors such as saliva composition, oral microbiota, and the duration of plaque accumulation. Plaque, a soft biofilm, can calcify when exposed to calcium and phosphate ions in saliva, leading to the formation of calculus. Dental calculus is commonly categorized into two types: supragingival calculus, found above the gum line and visible during oral examination, and subgingival calculus, which forms below the gum line and presents greater clinical challenges. Both types contribute to oral health risks by promoting plaque retention and triggering gum inflammation, potentially advancing from gingivitis to periodontitis. Such periodontal conditions not only compromise oral health but are also linked to systemic complications, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Preventive strategies involve consistent oral hygiene practices such as tooth brushing, flossing, and dietary adjustments, complemented by professional dental cleanings and the use of antimicrobial mouth rinses. A comprehensive understanding of calculus formation, types, and risks underscores the importance of prevention and timely management in safeguarding dental and overall health.